12/29/2023 0 Comments Skedaddle insect repellent![]() ![]() ![]() Avoid travelling to a locale during the season that is most strongly (or only) associated with transmission of arthropod-borne infections.Stay in an arthropod-protected area during the time(s) of day when local arthropods are actively biting.Minimize entry of arthropods into work and accommodation areas, including placing screens on windows, and check to ensure that doors are in good repair and close properly and tightly and that the walls and the roof are "without holes".Measures for all travellers who are at risk of exposure to arthropod-borne infections Evidence-based medicine (EBM) recommendations Recommendation Usually active during the daytime (though some important vector species are active at dusk or dawn) and usually bite outdoors.Īctive at night and usually feed indoors on human blood. Usually bite in the daytime, outdoors, in areas around rivers or streams.Īctive during the daytime outdoors, often during the sunniest hours rarely feed indoors. Usually bite at night many bite outdoors, but some also feed indoors. Usually found in clothing, except when feeding on human host. A few species also live indoors.įound indoors and outdoors, often associated with a specific type of host, but will feed on a variety of mammals (including humans). Widely dispersed in forest vegetation, meadows, and grassy environments will wait on blades of grasses or branches of low bushes for passing hosts. Mansonellosis (usually an asymptomatic infection)īite at any time of day or night, usually outdoors. ![]() Usually bite at night, often outdoors, but sometimes indoors. Usually bite during daylight hours, often outside, but some important vectors bite inside. Some species prefer to bite indoors, while others prefer outdoors. Summary information for the important arthropod vectors ( Footnote 1) Vectorĭisease caused and pathogen(s) transmitted Reducing the risk for one ABD likely decreases the risk for others, because peak seasonality for transmitting ABDs in various geographic regions overlaps. when to stay indoors, when to apply repellent), arthropod behaviour is unpredictable. Although knowledge of arthropod feeding habits would allow the traveller to significantly reduce ABD risk (e.g. Many factors - such as the season, the time of day, and the preference for indoor or outdoor feeding - influence the feeding habits of arthropods ( Footnote 1) ( Table 1). Even if vaccines or drugs are available, they are not totally effective, making measures to minimize insect bites an important way - and for some ABDs the only way - to reduce the risk to the traveller of acquiring ABDs. Unfortunately, there are preventive vaccines, chemoprophylactic drugs, or specific therapy for only a minority of ABDs. Table 1 summarizes the information on the important arthropod vectors. malaria and dengue), but many other types of arthropods transmit disease-causing pathogens ( Footnote 1). Mosquitoes are considered to be the most important vector for ABDs (e.g. Exceptions, however, include Chagas disease and louse-borne typhus, transmitted through feces defecated on the skin by the arthropod during feeding. Usually, these pathogens complete a portion of their lifecycle within the arthropod vector before they can infect humans and are transmitted through the bite of the arthropod. There are blood feeding arthropods (insects and arachnids) that carry and transmit various pathogens, leading to diseases known as "arthropod-borne diseases" (ABDs). Manufacturers have sought approval and provided evidence as to the safety and efficacy of their products only when used in accordance with the product monographs or other similarly approved standards or instructions for use. Recommendations for use and other information set out herein may differ from that set out in the product monograph(s) or other similarly approved standards or instructions for use by the licensed manufacturer(s). Persons administering or using drugs, vaccines, or other products should also be aware of the contents of the product monograph(s) or other similarly approved standards or instructions for use. PHAC acknowledges that the advice and recommendations set out in this statement are based upon the best current available scientific knowledge and medical practices, and is disseminating this document for information purposes to both travellers and the medical community caring for travellers. The Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT) provides the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) with ongoing and timely medical, scientific, and public health advice relating to tropical infectious disease and health risks associated with international travel. ![]()
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